Picture Credit: University of Wisconsin
Navel infections, commonly known as navel ill, are increasingly affecting young dairy calves. If left untreated, these infections can harm calf health and reduce farm productivity. Here’s a guide to understanding the causes, recognizing symptoms and preventing navel infections effectively.
What Are Navel Infections?
Navel infections occur when bacteria enter the calf's body through the navel stump, the remnant of the umbilical cord that connects the fetus to the cow during gestation. Under normal conditions, the navel stump dries and falls off within two weeks. However, until it heals, the stump serves as a potential entry point for pathogens which can spread quickly through the bloodstream to vital organs such as the liver, kidneys, brain and lungs.
According to Bovine Veterinarian, 5 to 20% of calves in the United States develop navel infections, and approximately 1.6% of calf deaths are linked to this condition. Without proper care, these infections can result in systemic health issues, abscesses, hernias and calf mortality.
Causes of Navel Infections
Several factors contribute to the development of navel infections, including:
Inadequate Colostrum Intake: Colostrum provides the calf’s initial immunity against diseases. Calves that receive insufficient colostrum or poor-quality colostrum are at higher risk for infections. To maximize colostrum consumption, use oral drenches such as Start Strong for Calves, to provide an energy boost to calves and get them up and drinking fast after birth.
Improper Navel Care: Treating the navel stump with a 7% iodine tincture immediately after birth is critical. Iodine acts as an antimicrobial and drying agent, reducing the likelihood of bacterial colonization. Ensure the iodine is applied thoroughly to the base of the stump for maximum effectiveness.
Environmental Conditions: Wet, dirty or fly-infested environments increase the risk of bacterial contamination. Make sure the calving area is clean and dry to help prevent infections.
Neglected Bull Calves: Bull calves often receive less attention than heifers, yet they are equally susceptible to navel infections. Studies indicate bull calves have a 15-20% higher risk of developing navel infections.
Signs of Navel Infections in Calves
Early identification of navel infections is crucial for successful treatment. Symptoms can vary, so careful observation is necessary.
Naval Area Symptoms:
Swelling, redness or wetness around the navel stump.
Heat or tenderness in the navel area.
Systemic Symptoms:
Depression or lethargy.
Swollen joints or lameness.
Cloudy eyes.
Reduced appetite or diarrhea.
Fever, though some calves may show a drop in body temperature due to reduced milk intake.
Subclinical Infections:
In some cases, navel infections spread internally without external signs. Gently pinching the navel stump and observing for pain reactions can help identify hidden infections.
Treatment Options for Naval Infections
When detected early, navel infections can often be treated effectively with antibiotics, such as penicillin, over a five-day regimen. Delayed treatment, however, may lead to systemic complications, higher medical costs and reduced calf performance. Severe cases may require additional interventions which can become expensive with vet visits. Infected calves also often reduce milk intake, leading to weight loss and performance setbacks.
Preventing Navel Infections
Prevention is the most effective strategy for managing navel infections. Implement these key practices:
1. Ensure Effective Colostrum Management
Administer high-quality colostrum to calves within the first few hours after birth to enhance immunity.
Use products such as Ralco’s IntegraMOS to manage pathogens in the cow and improve colostrum quality.
Use oral drenches such as Start Strong for Calves after birth to ensure maximum colostrum intake.
2. Practice Proper Navel Care
Dip the navel stump with a 7% iodine tincture immediately after birth, ensuring complete coverage. Dip the navel stump versus spraying it.
Also avoid clamping the navel stump, as this can trap bacteria and exacerbate infections.
3. Maintain Clean and Dry Environments
Provide clean, dry calving areas to minimize bacterial exposure.
Regularly disinfect calving pens and equipment.
Implement fly control measures to reduce the spread of pathogens.
4. Address Bull Calves Equally
Provide the same level of care to bull calves as to heifers, including iodine treatment and proper colostrum feeding.
5. Monitor Calves Daily
Check for signs of navel infections regularly and act quickly if symptoms are observed.
Consult a veterinarian for guidance when needed.
Why Are Navel Infections Becoming More Common?
Over the years, farmers and veterinarians have noticed an increase in navel infections among calves. Several factors may explain this trend such as improved education and awareness meaning more cases are being identified and reported. Additionally, environmental conditions such as prolonged wet periods can create ideal breeding grounds for bacteria, increasing the risk of infection. Another persistent challenge is ensuring calves receive adequate colostrum, which is vital for their immune defense. These challenges highlight the importance of proactive and consistent management practices to prevent infections.
Final Thoughts
Preventing navel infections is a key opportunity to support healthy calf development. By prioritizing proper colostrum management, practicing effective navel care and maintaining clean, comfortable environments, dairy producers can set their calves up for success. With early detection and swift care, you can protect your calves from infection and help them thrive from the start!
IntegraMOS - High Quality Yeast Product for Cows
IntegraMOS is a high-quality yeast product to help support the immune system and cow health during times of challenge for a more profitable calving season.
Start Strong for Calves - Maximize Colostrum Intake
Start Strong for Calves is a natural oral drench that supports appetite, digestive health and provides newborns with the energy they require.
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